This chapter reviews the more macrospatial tradition of community- or neighborhood-based theory and research, as this line of inquiry is a vital part of contemporary environmental criminology’s intellectual ancestry. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2.2 discusses the relationship between neighborhood social disorganization and crime according to early Chicago school scholars. Section 2.3 highlights the role of neighborhood-based systemic control on community rates of crime, while Section 2.4 discusses the influence of community-based collective efficacy. Section 2.5 considers the influences of ecologically rooted cognitive landscapes, street culture, and legal cynicism. Finally, Section 2.6 discusses the various ways in which neighborhoods provide “crime opportunity contexts”—and it is in this section that the overlap and compatibility between community-focused criminology and contemporary environmental criminology is most explicit.