Sir, The case study by Vo and colleagues (2014) aims to address the differential roles of ventral versus dorsal striatum in learning, specifically, whether they are essential for learning or simply involved in it. The authors reported a dissociation between action-value (based on the outcomes, values will be assigned to actions) and stimulus-value learning (values will be associated with the stimuli), and how impairment of the dorsal striatum will affect each of these processes. To achieve this, Vo and colleagues tested a patient (known as XG) who has bilateral damage to the dorsal striatum, while the ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens is spared. To compare XG’s performance in different tasks with a healthy population statistically, the researchers tested 11 matched control subjects. Among the seven reinforcement learning tasks employed, three could be solved only by learning stimulus-values, one only by learning action-values, and the remaining tasks, with either strategy. Surprisingly, they found that Patient XG was able to learn all the tasks involving action-value learning and his performance resembled those of healthy controls. However, he was impaired at learning the tasks which could only be learned using stimulus values; his performance in those tasks was significantly poorer than controls and was no different from random. Vo et al. also analysed …