The pupae belonging to the superfamily Saturnioidea may be identified by the following characteristics: Fifth and sixth abdominal segments free in both sexes; body surface hard and firm, always with setae, but these rarely long enough to be observed with the unaided eye; face-parts never with distinct sutures; antennal suture obsolete; labial palpi or maxillary palpi never visible; distinct cases for the mandibles never present, these structures often represented by an elevation or a distinct tubercule adjoining the caudo-lateral angles of the labrum; antennae usually showing distinct pectinations, the width at least one-fifth the length and usually much wider, the stem of the flagellum distinctly raised above the level of the pectinations, or if the stem of the flagellum is not distinct, then the body with the cephalic margins of the movable segments produced into distinct flange-like plates; maxillae, measured on the meson, seldom more than one-sixth the length of the wings, if longer, then the body surface without visible setae; third pair of legs very seldom visible; pupae usually more than an inch in length.