Aristotle's laws.-Aristotle set down three "laws" which have dominated the thoughts and actions of the members of Western European civilization: (i) A is A, or a thing is what it is. (2) A thing is either A or not-A. (3) A thing cannot be both A and not-A. For example, Pearson, in The New Art Education, says that children, when learning the techniques of representing nature do not learn design, that such naturalistic painting cannot be within the "Grand Tradition" of art because it omits design as a principal objective. In effect, the art they learn is either naturalistic or is design (9). This kind of thinking dominated in the prescientific era and, to a large extent, still does today. The scientific method and logical thinking which are possible in the Aristotelian system are exemplified by Aristotelian logic, Euclidean geometry, and Newtonian physics. The system may be called "two-valued"; for in any situation only two possibilities or interpretations appear admissible.