The world seems to move toward integration of culture, toward powerful ethnic individualities, few in number but strong by the human multitudes they hold together. This trend was particularly strong during the nineteenth century; some counter-tend-encies have, however, appeared since the World War, particularly in the territories of the Soviet Union. Literacy was practically restricted, under the czars, to the Great Russians, to the dispersed Germans and Jews, and to some peripheric groups (like the Poles, Baltes, and Finns) which have since the time seceded from Russia. Georgians and Armenians in the Southeast are perhaps the only nationalities in the Union which can boast of continuity of an old culture, different from that of the Russians. But the party now in power has had political and other reasons for spreading literacy in the tongue of the hundred and more nationalities. inhabiting the Soviet Union. Cultural autonomy was granted to the more mature groups. The semi-dead culture of the Tartars, Ukra...