AbstractThis chapter studies the relationship between agriculture and the environment in Turkey. Sections examine: (i) the environmental impacts of Turkish agriculture (on water resources, on the soil, on climate change); (ii) the extent to which agri-environmental concerns are dealt with by current policies (with regard to environmental, agricultural and rural development policies); (iii) the institutional arrangements for enforcing legislation on agriculture and the environment; (iv) the current state and prospects for organic farming; and (v) biodiversity in Turkey and related institutional developments. It is concluded that the main environmental impacts of agriculture in Turkey involve the degradation of water and soil due to uninformed farming practices, namely, the overuse of water and chemicals. Environmental policy in Turkey has improved in terms of new legislative instruments. However, it is argued that institutions dealing with agri-environmental issues seem to be poorly coordinated and there seems to be a lack of effective implementation at local level.