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Marine and Freshwater Research
Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: Crossref
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Widespread exposure of marine parks, whales, and whale sharks to shipping

Authors: Vincent Raoult; Vanessa Pirotta; Troy F. Gaston; Brad Norman; Samantha Reynolds; Tim M. Smith; Mike Double; +2 Authors

Widespread exposure of marine parks, whales, and whale sharks to shipping

Abstract

Context Shipping impacts are a major environmental concern that can affect the behaviour and health of marine mammals and fishes. The potential impacts of shipping within marine parks is rarely considered during the planning process. Aims We assessed the areal disturbance footprint of shipping around Australia, its overlap with marine parks, and known locations of megafauna, so as to identify areas of concern that warrant further investigation. Methods Automatic Identification System (AIS) shipping data from 2018 to 2021 were interpreted through a kernel-density distribution and compared with satellite data from ~200 individuals of megafauna amalgamated from 2003 to 2018, and the locations of marine parks. Key results Over 18% of marine parks had shipping exposure in excess of 365 vessels per year. Around all of Australia, 39% of satellite-tag reports from whale shark and 36.7% of pygmy blue and humpback whale satellite-tag reports were in moderate shipping-exposure areas (>90 ships per year). Shipping exposure significantly increased from 2018 despite the pandemic, including within marine parks. Conclusions These results highlight the wide-scale footprint of commercial shipping on marine ecosystems that may be increasing in intensity over time. Implications Consideration should be made for assessing and potentially limiting shipping impacts along migration routes and within marine parks.

Countries
South Africa, Australia
Keywords

570, Automatic identification system (AIS), AIS, Whales, Acoustic pollution, 600, acoustic pollution, Marine parks, Satellite tag, satellite tag, shark, Shipping, ship strikes, SDG-14: Life below water, Sharks, marine parks, Ship strikes

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Average
Average
Average
Green
hybrid