Many electrochemical energy storage technologies utilize anodes that are specific to the chemistry of the device. Anodes must be designed for devices including primary and secondary batteries, fuel cells and capacitors. These applications include a diverse range of operational conditions, including aqueous, solid or organic media. This paper will provide a brief overview of anode technologies for medium (e.g. electric and hybrid electric vehicles) and large (e.g. integration of renewable energy generation to electrical networks) battery applications. Established and developing storage technologies will be discussed to provide an insight into how anodes (materials, manufacturing processes and modes of operation) differ between specific applications and devices. Lead-acid batteries are used as a case study to provide a practical example and guide discussion onto the question of future challenges and opportunities.