AbstractConsecutive monoculture of crops causes serious diseases and significant decline in yield and quality and microbes in the rhizosphere are closely linked with plant health. Here we systematically studied the structure dynamics of soil microbiota in the monocropping system ofPseudostellaria heterophlla.The results illustrated that the successive cropping ofP. heterophyllashifts the diversity and structure of microbial community in rhizosphere soil ofP. heterophylla, showing that the diversity of microbial community in rhizosphere soil ofP. heterophyllawas decreased with the increase of planting years while the structure of microbial community became more deteriorative. Moreover, the population size of typical pathogens increased and the beneficial bacterial population decreased with the increasing years of monoculture, which resulted in the microecological imbalance inP. heterophyllarhizosphere, thereby caused serious replanting diseases in monocropping system. Our results suggested that structure dynamics of rhizosphere microbial communities were mediated by the richness of replantedP. heterophylla,and thus the replant disease result from the imbalanced microbial structure with a higher ratio of pathogens/beneficial bacteria in rhizosphere soil under monocropping regimes. This finding provides a clue to open a new avenue for modulating the root microbiome to enhance the crop production and sustainability.