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image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Caltech Authors (Cal...arrow_drop_down
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Environmental Science & Technology
Article . 1996 . Peer-reviewed
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Kinetics and Mechanism of the Sonolytic Degradation of CCl4: Intermediates and Byproducts

Authors: Hua, Inez; Hoffmann, Michael R.;

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Sonolytic Degradation of CCl4: Intermediates and Byproducts

Abstract

The sonolytic degradation of aqueous carbon tetrachloride is investigated at a sound frequency of 20 kHz and 135 W (112.5 W cm^(-2)) of power. The observed first-order degradation rate constant in an Ar-saturated solution is 3.3 × 10^(-3) s^(-1) when the initial CCl_4 concentration, [CCl_4]_i, is 1.95 × 10^(-4) mol L^(-1) and increases slightly to 3.9 × 10^(-3) s^(-1) when [CCl_4]_i = 1.95 × 10^(-5) mol L^(-1). Low concentrations (10^(-8)−10^(-7) mol L^(-1)) of the organic byproducts, hexachloroethane and tetrachloroethylene, are detected, as well as the inorganic products chloride ion and hypochlorous acid. The chlorine mass balance after sonolysis is determined to be >70%. The reactive intermediate, dichlorocarbene, is identified and quantified by means of trapping with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene. The presence of ozone in the sonicated solution does not significantly effect the rate of degradation of carbon tetrachloride; however, O_3 inhibits the accumulation of hexachloroethane and tetrachloroethylene. Ultrasonic irradiation of an aqueous mixture of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) and carbon tetrachloride results in the acceleration of the sonochemical degradation of p-NP. The sonolytic rate of degradation of p-NP appears to be enhanced by the presence of hypochlorous acid, which results from the sonolysis of CCl_4.

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
177
Top 10%
Top 1%
Top 10%
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