Recently, regenerative medicine has become a highlighted field because it has great potential to induce a paradigm shift of supportive conventional therapy into definitive treatment. The cornea is the avascular, transparent, dome-shaped outermost layer of the eyeball, and it consists of three layers: epithelium, stroma, and endothelium. Conventional corneal transplantation, known as keratoplasty, has two main problems, a donor shortage and immunological rejection. Therefore, regenerative medicine has been applied to overcome these challenges. Regenerative medicine involving the corneal epithelium has been clinically applied, along with an understanding of corneal epithelial stem cell biology, earlier than that of the corneal stroma or endothelium. Thus, the effectiveness and safety of cultivated corneal or oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet transplantation have been reported by many researchers. Clinical studies on regenerative medicine for corneal stroma or endothelium have begun after basic and nonclinical study. Translational research has been performed to make corneal regenerative medicine a universal therapy. This article reviews corneal regenerative medicine.