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Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
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Proceedings of the Combustion Institute
Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
License: Elsevier TDM
Data sources: Crossref
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Air/fuel mixing in jet flames

Authors: Adriana Palacios; Derek Bradley; Qiang Wang; Xin Li; Longhua Hu;

Air/fuel mixing in jet flames

Abstract

The paper examines eight diverse regimes in which fuels can mix and react with air. These comprise: (i) Lifted subsonic; and (ii) supersonic jet flames, with (iii) and without (iv) cross flows; (v) Rim-attached flames; (vi) Early Downwash flames; (vii) Downwash-attached jet flames; and (viii) Fire Whirls. Correlations of characteristics within these regimes are principally in terms of a dimensionless Flow Number, U*, Cross Flow Reynolds number, Rec, and, for Fire Whirls, a dimensionless Critical Velocity, CV. Boundaries of seven of the eight regimes are identified, through plots of U*, against Rec, and of the eighth through a plot of CV against U*. The circumstances of transitions between regimes are identified. The study involves a variety of CH4 cross flow flame measurements, in a wind tunnel. Cross flows can initially create a small lee-side flame downwash, due to the depression in pressure. With increasing fuel flow this might extend 1.3 m downwards from the horizontal tip of the vertical burner. Jet flames can attach to the downwash, which can become significant above Rec ≈ 2000. More extensive downwash might further delay blow-off. Regime boundaries are constructed on the U*/Rec diagram covering lifted flames, early downwash, and downwash-attached flames. The most powerful flames tend to be lifted, choked, flames, with cross flow, and fire whirls. Combustion becomes less efficient at high Rec and low U*, although CH4 was efficiently reacted. Experimental values of the ratio of fuel to air velocity, u/uc, of CH4 flames ranged between about 10 and 30 for lifted flames, and between 0.3 and 3.6, at blow-off, for rim-attached flames. The latter comprise an important category, often intermediate between lifted flames and downwash-attached flames.

Country
United Kingdom
Keywords

Downwash, Fire whirls, Cross flow, Burner-attached flames, Rim-attached flames

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
4
Top 10%
Average
Average
Green
hybrid