AbstractThe impact of the Fukushima accident on the nuclear fuel cycle back-end is obvious. In the present paper the various back-end options and their impact on the environment will be presented in view of this new perspective. The partitioning and transmutation (P&T) concept and the direct disposal of nuclear fuel including a very long intermediate storage will certainly be revisited with respect to safety considerations; here the instant release fraction (IRF) and the long-term stability of the fuel matrix under real repository conditions are highly relevant. Furthermore the impact of released radionuclides to the environment will have a higher attention.