This paper introduces a new generalized polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) comprising measure-consistent multivariate orthonormal polynomials in dependent random variables. Unlike existing PCEs, whether classical or generalized, no tensor-product structure is assumed or required. Important mathematical properties of the generalized PCE are studied by constructing orthogonal decomposition of polynomial spaces, explaining completeness of orthogonal polynomials for prescribed assumptions, exploiting whitening transformation for generating orthonormal polynomial bases, and demonstrating mean-square convergence to the correct limit. Analytical formulae are proposed to calculate the mean and variance of a truncated generalized PCE for a general output variable in terms of the expansion coefficients. An example derived from a stochastic boundary-value problem illustrates the generalized PCE approximation in estimating the statistical properties of an output variable for 12 distinct non-product-type probability measures of input variables.

26 pages, three figures, four tables; accepted by Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1704.07912; text overlap with arXiv:1804.01647