Abstract This study evaluates the dissemination of cleaner production in Pakistan's industrial sector by assessing the performance of two of Pakistan's three cleaner production (CP) centers. The study examines the adoption of CP measures by firms, as well as firms' compliance with Pakistan's National Environmental Quality Standards and certification to ISO 14001. A survey of 80 leather tanneries and textiles processing firms served by a CP center is the primary data source. Surveyed firms adopted the majority of CP measures proposed by the centers, even though firms had little understanding of CP concepts. Many of the commonly reported factors motivating CP adoption were present, but one was conspicuously absent: the need to meet ambient environmental quality standards. Survey results also indicate that firm size and engagement with foreign business customers are correlated with: the adoption of CP, the establishment of environmental management systems and certification to ISO 14001.