Achieving high performance process control (HPPC) requires that the control system operate the plant at optimal efficiency over the full range of steady state and dynamic conditions. Air separation processes present particular challenges because of their energy intensive nature and demanding production schedules. The HPPC challenges for both cryogenic and adsorption processes are presented, recent applicable research is summarized, and directions for future research are proposed. The value of the operability index to improved HPPC is also presented and discussed.