Abstract Phytochemical investigation of Aquilaria sinensis afforded one novel neolignan glycoside ( 1 ) and fourteen known compounds ( 2–15 ). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Among them, compounds 1–3, 5 and 7–9 were obtained from the genus Aquilaria for the first time. The profile of chromone glycosides and iriflophenone glycosides may have chemotaxonomic significance within this genus.