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Annals of Pure and Applied Logic
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Annals of Pure and Applied Logic
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The Kolmogorov complexity of random reals

Authors: Yu, Liang; Ding, Decheng; Downey, Rodney;

The Kolmogorov complexity of random reals

Abstract

Crudely speaking, a real number is random iff it does not belong to any constructive set of measure 0. Randomness can be reformulated in terms of a (prefix-free) Kolmogorov complexity \(K(\alpha_{| n})\) of the initial segments of the real number \(\alpha\) (described as an infinite sequence of 0s and 1s): \(\alpha\) is random iff there exists a constant \(c\) such that for all \(n\), \(K(\alpha_{| n})\geq n-c\). Are all random numbers equally random in some sense? It is reasonable to say that a random number \(\alpha\) is ``less random'' than \(\beta\) (denoted \(\alpha\leq_K \beta\)) if \(K(\alpha_{| n})\leq K(\beta_{| n})+O(1)\). If \(\alpha\leq_K\beta\) and \(\beta\leq_K\alpha\), then \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are equally random; an equivalence class of equally random numbers is called a \(K\)-degree. The authors prove that there is no ``most random'' real number (in the sense of this definition), and that there are uncountably many \(K\)-degrees. They also show that there exists a random real number \(\alpha\) for which \(\limsup (K(\alpha_{| n})-K(\Omega_{| n}))=\infty\), where \(\Omega\) is Chaitin's random number -- the probability that a randomly selected Turing machine halts. They also formulate several interesting open problems: e.g., it is not even clear if it is possible for one random real number \(\alpha\) to be strictly less random than the other \(\beta\), i.e., \(\alpha\leq_K \beta\) and \(\beta\not\leq_K\alpha\).

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Keywords

Applications of computability and recursion theory, Logic, Kolmogorov complexity, random reals, Algorithmic information theory (Kolmogorov complexity, etc.)

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
11
Average
Top 10%
Average
hybrid