Abstract Annual grain crops are planted on about 70% of the world's cropland and provide 80% of the world's food. Currently annual grains dominate grain production. Perennial grains offer many important opportunities to produce grains in a more environmentally, economically, and energetically sound manner. Thus, major research efforts are needed to develop perennial grains to help feed the growing and malnourished world population. These grains would also aid in diversifying agriculture.