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Archive for Mathematical Logic
Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
License: Springer TDM
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Imaginaries in Hilbert spaces

Authors: Alexander Berenstein; Itay Ben-Yaacov;

Imaginaries in Hilbert spaces

Abstract

The paper is a contribution to the model theory of Hilbert spaces. The authors work in a ``big'' Hilbert space \(\mathcal H\) and consider it as a multi-sorted structure whose sorts are the balls \(\{v: \| v\| \leq n\}\), for \(n0}\), all \(\lambda_i\) are in \(\mathbb R\) or \(\mathbb C\) (depending of the ground field of \(\mathcal H\)), and all \(x_i\) are of the same sort. Positive formulas are defined to be positive Boolean combinations of atomic formulas. Then with respect to positive formulas \(\mathcal H\) is a universal domain of a compact abstract theory, in the sense of \textit{I.~Ben-Yaacov} [J. Math. Log. 3, No.~1, 85--118 (2003; Zbl 1028.03034)]. A partial type is a set of positive formulas, possibly with parameters in \(\mathcal H\). A type-definable set is a set of realizations in \(\mathcal H\) of a partial type. An imaginary is the equivalence class \(a_E\) of a (possibly infinite!) tuple \(a\) modulo a type-definable equivalence relation \(E\). The goal of the paper is to characterize imaginaries in \(\mathcal H\). A type-definable set is called bounded if its cardinality is smaller than \(| \mathcal H| \). For imaginaries \(a\) and \(b\), we say that \(b\) is definable (bounded) over \(a\) if the set of realizations of \(\text{tp}(b/a)\) is a singleton (bounded set). The set of all \(b\) definable (bounded) over \(a\) is called the definable (bounded) closure of \(a\) (in symbols, \(\text{dcl}(a)\) and \(\text{bdd}(a)\), respectively). It is shown that \(\text{bdd}(a)\) is inter-definable with a unique Hilbert space \(H\subseteq\mathcal H\). Moreover, given \(H\), there is a Galois correspondence between the imaginaries \(a\) such that \(\text{bdd}(a)\) is inter-definable with \(H\) and the compact subgroups of \(U(H)\), the unitary group of \(H\) with the strong topology. The correspondence is given by \(a\mapsto\text{Gal}(a)\) and \(H\mapsto H^G\), where \(\text{Gal}(a)\) is \(\text{Aut}(\text{bdd}(a)/a)\), and \(H^G\) is the set of fixed points in \(\text{dcl}(H)\) under the action of \(G\). For \(n<\omega\), any subgroup \(G\) of the group of unitary \(n\times n\) matrices \(U(n)\) naturally acts on \({\mathcal H}^n\). We write \(\bar{c}E_G\bar{e}\) if \(\bar{c}\) and \(\bar{e}\) are orthonormal \(n\)-tuples in \(\mathcal H\), and \(g(\bar c)=\bar e\) for some \(g\in G\). The equivalence relation \(E_G\) is type-definable if \(G\) is closed. A classical result is that for any compact subgroup \(G\) of \(U(H)\) the Hilbert space \(H\) is a Hilbert direct sum of finite-dimensional \(G\)-invariant subspaces. Together with the Galois correspondence, this implies the main result of the paper: every imaginary is inter-definable with a tuple of (finitary!) imaginaries of the form \(\bar{e}_{E_G}\), where \(\bar{e}\) is an orthonormal tuple in \(\mathcal H\) of finite length \(n\), and \(G\) is a closed subgroup of \(U(n)\).

Keywords

elimination of imaginaries, Hilbert and pre-Hilbert spaces: geometry and topology (including spaces with semidefinite inner product), Abstract model theory, Classification theory, stability, and related concepts in model theory, model theory of Hilbert spaces

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
4
Average
Average
Average
bronze