
doi: 10.1007/pl00006021
\(\text{End}(V)\) is the semigroup of all endomorphisms of an \(n\)-dimensional vector space \(V\) over either the field \(\mathbb{R}\) of real numbers or the field \(\mathbb{C}\) of complex numbers. The subsemigroup of \(\text{End}(V)\) consisting of all singular endomorphisms is denoted by \({\mathbf S}_n\) and it is well known that \({\mathbf S}_n\) is generated by \({\mathbf E}_n\), its set of idempotents. \(\text{End}(V)\) is identified with \(M_n(\mathbb{K})\), the semigroup of all \(n\times n\) matrices over \(\mathbb{K}\) where either \(\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{R}\) or \(\mathbb{K}=\mathbb{C}\) and consequently, \(\text{End}(V)\) can be regarded as a Euclidean topological space. As such, \({\mathbf S}_n\), though not a manifold, is a closed subspace of \(\text{End}(V)\) and is therefore a complete topological semigroup. Since \({\mathbf E}_n\) generates \({\mathbf S}_n\) it is an important subspace and, consequently, receives a good deal of attention. For example, denote by \(E(k)\), \(0\leq k\leq n-1\), the set of idempotents of rank \(k\). It is shown that these sets are precisely the path components of \({\mathbf E}_n\). Furthermore, it is shown that each \(E(k)\) is a \(C^\infty\)-manifold of dimension \(2k(n-k)\). Results are obtained about biorder relations and sandwich sets on \({\mathbf E}_n\), concepts introduced by the second author [in: Structure of regular semigroups I (Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 224) (1979; Zbl 0457.20051)]. The authors conclude by examining \(E(1)\), the space of all nonzero singular idempotent endomorphisms of the two-dimensional real vector space. They note that \(E(1)\) can be embedded in a three-dimensional real vector space and as such is a hyperboloid of one sheet whose principal section is the set of all selfadjoint idempotents in \(E(1)\).
Semigroups of transformations, relations, partitions, etc., biorder relations, idempotent endomorphisms, singular endomorphisms, idempotents, complete topological semigroups, semigroups of matrices, sandwich sets
Semigroups of transformations, relations, partitions, etc., biorder relations, idempotent endomorphisms, singular endomorphisms, idempotents, complete topological semigroups, semigroups of matrices, sandwich sets
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