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image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Results in Mathemati...arrow_drop_down
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Results in Mathematics
Article . 1994 . Peer-reviewed
License: Springer TDM
Data sources: Crossref
image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
zbMATH Open
Article . 1994
Data sources: zbMATH Open
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Functional Equations Connected With The Collatz Problem

Functional equations connected with the Collatz problem
Authors: Berg, Lothar; Meinardus, Günter;

Functional Equations Connected With The Collatz Problem

Abstract

The still open \(3x+1\)-problem (or Collatz- or Hasse- or Syracuse- or Kakutani-problem) is to prove that for every \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) there exists a \(k\) with \(t_ k(n)= 1\) where the function \(t(n)\) takes odd numbers \(n\) to \((3n+1)/2\) and even numbers \(n\) to \(n/2\) and the iterates of this mapping are defined recursively by \(t_ 0(n) =n\), \(t_ m(n)= t(t_{m_ 1}(n))\) for \(m\geq 1\). In this note the authors consider two generating functions: \(f_ m(z):= \sum_{n=0}^ \infty t_ m(n) z^ n\) and \(g_ n(w):= \sum_{m=0}^ \infty t_ m(n) w^ m\) which converge for complex numbers \(z\), \(w\) with \(| z|<1\), resp. for \(| w|< {3\over 2}\). While it is simple to prove that the \(f_ m(z)\) represent rational functions it turns out that the fact that \(g_ n(w)= {{q_ n(w)} \over {1-w^ 2}}\) with some polynomials \(q_ n(w)\) with integer coefficients is equivalent to the ``Collatz''-conjecture. They also introduce the generating function \(F(z,w):= \sum_{m,n=0}^ \infty t_ m(n) z^ n w^ m\) and show that \(F\) satisfies the linear functional equation \[ F(z^ 3,w)= {{z^ 3} \over {(1-z^ 3)^ 2}}+ wF(z^ 6,w)+ {w\over {3z}} \sum_{\nu=0}^ 2 e^{2\pi\nu i/3} F(e^{2\pi \nu i/3} z^ 2, w). \] Considering the related homogeneous equation and choosing \(w=1\) the authors prove that the ``Collatz''-conjecture holds if and only if in \(z=0\) there exists no holomorphic solution \(h(z)= \sum_{n=0}^ \infty h_ n z^ n\) of the functional equation \(h(z^ 3)= h(z^ 6)+ {1\over {3z}} \sum_{\nu=0}^ 2 e^{2\pi\nu i/3} h(e^{2\pi\nu i/3} z^ 2)\) other than \(h_ 0+ h_ 1 {z\over {1-z}}\). Doubtless this note contains some very interesting analytical aspects of the ``Collatz''-problem, but it still remains open whether these methods will be suitable to prove or disprove this famous conjecture.

Related Organizations
Keywords

\(3x+1\)-problem, Special sequences and polynomials, Iteration theory, iterative and composite equations, Collatz function, linear functional equation, Collatz-conjecture

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
5
Average
Top 10%
Average
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