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Computational Methods and Function Theory
Article . 2004 . Peer-reviewed
License: Springer TDM
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image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
zbMATH Open
Article . 2003
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On a Dyadic Parametrization of Curves

On a dyadic parametrization of curves
Authors: Anderson, J. Milne; Lesley, F. David; Rotar, Vladimir I.;

On a Dyadic Parametrization of Curves

Abstract

Let \(C\) be a curve in the complex plane where \(C = \{a(t): 0 \leq t \leq 1\},\) where \(a(0) \neq a(1)\). The authors discuss a dyadic paramerization for \(C\) first introduced by the first two authors [Michigan Math. J. 41, 269-284 (1994; Zbl 0815.30010)]. Let \(z(0) = a(0)\) and \(z(1) = a(1)\) and let \(C_{1,1}\) denote the directed segment from \(z(0)\) to \(z(1)\). Let \(L_{1,1}\) be the perpendicular bisector of \(C_{1,1}\), and let \(z(1/2) = a(q)\) where \(q = \inf{\{t: a(t) \in L_{1,1}\}}\). Now, define \(z(t)\) for dyadic values of \(t\) inductively as follows. Suppose that for a \(k \geq 2\), and for \(j\) odd, \(1 \leq j < 2^{k}\), points \(z(j/2^{k})\) and \(z((j+1)/2^{k})\) have already been chosen, together with the directed segment \(C_{k,j}\) from \(z(j/2^{k})\) to \(z((j+1)/2^{k})\). Let \(L_{k,j}\) be the perpendicular bisector of \(C_{k,j}\), and let \(z((2j+1)/2^{n+1})\) be the first point of \(C \cap L_{k,j}\) along the arc of \(C\) going from \(z(j/2^{k})\) to \(z((j+1)/2^{k})\). This inductive process defines \(z(t)\) for each dyadic number \(t = j/2^{k}, 0 \leq j \leq 2^{k}, 1 \leq k < \infty\). For \(t\) not a dyadic number, for each \(k\) let \(j_{k}(t)\) be the integer such that \(j_{k}(t)/2^{k} < t < (j_{k}(t)+1)/2^{k}\), and define \[ z(t) = \lim_{k \to \infty} z\bigg(\frac {j_{k}(t)} {2^{k}}\bigg) \;. \] This gives the full dyadic parameterization for \(C\). For each \(j\) odd, \(1 \leq j \leq 2^{k}\), define \(\theta_{k,j}\) to be the signed angle at \(z(j/2^{k})\) going from \(C_{k,j}\) to \(C_{k+1,2j+1}\), that is, \[ \theta_{j,k} = \arg{z\bigg(\frac {2j+1} {2^{k+1}}\bigg)} - \arg{z\bigg(\frac{j+1} {2^{k}}\bigg)} \;, \] and define \(\theta_{k,j+1} = - \theta_{k, j}\). For each point \(z = z(t) \in C\) and for each positive integer \(k\), define \(\theta_{k}(z) = \theta_{k,j(k)}\). If \(z\) is a non-dyadic point of \(C\) we say that \(C\) has a \textit{dyadic tangent} at \(z\) if \(\sum_{k} \theta_{k}(z) < \infty\), and we say that \(z\) is a \textit{dyadic twist point} if both \[ \limsup_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=1}^{n} \theta_{k}(z) = + \infty \;\;\;\text{and} \;\;\;\liminf_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=1}^{n} \theta_{k}(z) = - \infty \;. \] The functions \(\theta_{k}(z(t)) = \theta_{k}(t)\) can be considered as random variables for \(t \in [0, 1]\). For any random variable \(\theta = \theta(t)\) on \([0, 1]\), we denote the expected value by \(E(\theta) = \int_{[0, 1]} \theta(t) dt\) and define \(\| \theta\| _{p} = (E(| \theta| ^{p}))^{1/p}\). For each positive integer \(k\), define \(\sigma_{k} = \| \theta_{k}\| _{2}\). Finally, we say that the Lyapunov Ratio Condition (L.R.C.) holds if \[ \sup_{k} \frac {\| \theta_{k}\| _{4}} {\| \theta_{k}\| _{2}} < \infty \;. \] (Here, if the denominator is zero then the ratio is considered to be zero.) The authors prove two results about the dyadic representation of curves. Theorem 1. If \(\sigma_{k} \to 0\) as \(k \to \infty\) and if the L. R. C. holds, then \[ \dim{\{ t \in [0, 1]: C \text{ has a dyadic tangent at } z(t) \}} = 1 \;. \] Theorem 2. If \(\sum_{k} \sigma_{k} = \infty\) and the L. R. C. holds, then \[ \dim{ \{ t: z(t) \text{ is a dyadic twist point} \}} = 1 \;. \] These theorems improve results due to the first two authors with \textit{M. E. Grifkin} [Q. J. Math 52, 403-413 (2001; Zbl 1013.53003)].

Keywords

General theory of conformal mappings, Combinatorial probability, Kolmogorov's Theorem, non-rectifiable curves, one-sided estimates Lyapunov ratio condition, conformal mappig, boundary properties

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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impulse
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