The world's nations may be broadly distributed along a planning scale somewhat analogous to Galbraith's scale of economic development. Up this scale, increased degrees of planning are significantly interrelated with increased kinds of planning for an increased number of purposes? Toward the upper quartile of the scale, one may perceive a marked transition from mixed economies of the West European or developing-nation type to the planned economies of East European-Soviet type. The former types are characterized by partial planning in substantial areas of production and services, by dominantly ad hoe physical spatial planning, by a lack of comprehensive medium-term economic planning backed by finance for plan execution, and by "push-pull" public policies to guide decision-makers in large private or independent nationalized sectors--though not in a particularly "planned" fashion? Government initiative in development, even a dominance of state spending in these nations, is not necessarily consistent with nor does it ensure real planning. By contrast, the planned economies as defined here embrace those nations in the highest quartile of the planning scale which satisfy all the following conditions: (1) State representatives (usually in, or appointed by, the government) make most decisions concerning current and future developments in most administrative, economic, political, and social activities at all levels of the spatial administrative hierarchy--from national to commune or city space. (2) Decisions are made within a framework of collective ownership and management of most capital, infrastructure, production, resources, and services, which (3) permits substantial, if not rigorous, control over prices, profits, rents, wages, and, in some instances,