
doi: 10.1007/bf01299701
Let \(R\) be a left near-ring. We denote the prime and completely prime radicals of \(R\) by \({\mathbf P}_ 0(R)\) and \({\mathbf P}_ 2(R)\) respectively. In this paper, the concept of a 2-primal ideal of a near- ring is introduced. Let \(N(R)\) denote the set of nilpotent elements of \(R\). An ideal \(I\) of \(R\) is called 2-primal if \({\mathbf P}_ 0 (R/I) = N(R/I)\). \(R\) is 2-primal if the zero ideal is 2-primal. It is shown that if \(I\) is an ideal of \(R\), then \(I\) is a completely semiprime ideal of \(R\) if and only if \(I\) is both semiprime and 2-primal. If \(IR \subseteq I\), then the following conditions are equivalent: (i) \(I\) is a completely prime ideal; (ii) \(I\) is a prime and a completely semiprime ideal; (iii) \(I\) is a prime and a 2-primal ideal. If \(R\) is zero-symmetric, the following conditions are equivalent: (i) \(R\) is 2-primal; (ii) if \(P\) is a prime ideal of \(R\) and \(A_ 1, \dots ,A_ n\) are nonempty subsets of \(R\) such that \(A_ 1 \dots A_ n = 0\) then \(A_ i \subseteq P\) for some \(i\); (iii) \({\mathbf P}_ 0(R) = {\mathbf P}_ 2(R)\). The paper then considers the radicals \({\mathbf P}_ 0\) and \({\mathbf P}_ 2\), and their relation to 2-primal near-rings. It is shown that if \(S\) is a subnear- ring of a 2-primal near-ring, then \(S\) is 2-primal and \({\mathbf P}_ 0(S) = S \cap {\mathbf P}_ 0(R)\). Moreover \({\mathbf P}_ 2\) is a radical map and \({\mathbf P}_ 2(S) \subseteq S \cap {\mathbf P}_ 2(R)\) for a subring \(S\) of a near-ring \(R\). Equality holds if \(S\) is a direct summand. Denote by \({\mathcal R}^ 2\) (\({\mathcal R}_ 0^ 2\)) the class of (zero-symmetric) near-rings for which every prime ideal is completely prime. Among the results proved here is: If \(R\) is a zero-symmetric near-ring, then \(R \in {\mathcal R}^ 2_ 0\) if and only if every ideal of \(R\) is 2-primal. If \(R \in {\mathcal R}^ 2_ 0\) and \(I\) is an ideal of \(R\) such that every prime ideal of \(I\) is an ideal of \(R\) then \(I \in {\mathcal R}^ 2_ 0\). Certain results are also given for the class of near-rings for which every semiprime ideal is completely semiprime. Various examples are given to illustrate the theory.
Prime and semiprime associative rings, completely prime radicals, nilpotent elements, Nil and nilpotent radicals, sets, ideals, associative rings, direct summands, Article, radical maps, Near-rings, completely semiprime ideals, zero-symmetric near-rings, 510.mathematics, 2-primal ideals, completely primal ideals, left near-rings, 2-primal near-rings, Ideals in associative algebras
Prime and semiprime associative rings, completely prime radicals, nilpotent elements, Nil and nilpotent radicals, sets, ideals, associative rings, direct summands, Article, radical maps, Near-rings, completely semiprime ideals, zero-symmetric near-rings, 510.mathematics, 2-primal ideals, completely primal ideals, left near-rings, 2-primal near-rings, Ideals in associative algebras
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