This article reviews recent applications of cognitive therapy to the treatment of marital distress. Three categories of cognitive phenomena that can decrease marital satisfaction and elicit dysfunctional interactions between spouses are described. First, “automatic thoughts” that comprise an individual's stream-of-consciousness thinking about marital events can be biased by systematic cognitive distortions. Inaccurate attributions about the causes of marital problems are a major form of such automatic thoughts. Second, individuals' behaviors toward their partners are influenced by their expectancies about the probabilities of the partner's subsequent responses, and these expectancies also are susceptible to systematic distortion. Third, an individual's unrealistic or irrational beliefs about the nature of intimate relationships can produce distress and dysfunctional behavioral responses toward the partner. Methods for assessing and modifying these dysfunctional cognitions, particularly in conjoint treatment, are described. Similarities and differences between cognitive therapy and rational-emotive therapy in the treatment of marital problems are noted.