"American Jewish Culture," considered merely as a phrase, is as problematic say as "Freudian Literary Criticism," which I recall once comparing to the Holy Roman Empire: not holy, not Roman, not an empire; not Freudian, not literary, not criticism. Much that is herded together under the rubric of Ameri? can Jewish Culture is not American, not Jewish, not culture. Here I will take these terms back? wards, starting with "culture," which began as a Roman concept, became European, has not quite yet become American, and never could be Jewish, if by Jewish we mean anything reli? gious at all, since culture is a stubbornly secular concept. Whether we know what we mean by "Jewish" is so problematic that I will begin on "culture" with one of our enemies, since our enemies have known well enough what they meant. I will quote an eminent speculator upon culture, Carl Gustav Jung. Of course, he has his followers and apologists, but I will let him speak for himself, in an essay of 1934: