sions partially result from discussions of reification taking place on a theoretical and polemical plane and neglecting a more constructive and empirical plane. I describe reification and argue, through an empirical illustration of the early history of the Tennessee Valley Authority, that it is a feature of both "holistic" and "individualist" approaches to social behavior. Finally, I propose the construction of complementary epistemological and ontological features of holism and individualism to circumvent the errors of reification for each.