Cosmic ray research has developed as one of the most spectacular and vital contributors to science in the Twentieth Century. From a humble beginning early in this Century, the quest for an understanding of this radiation and the challenges confronting investigators led to the rise of new scientific disciplines, technologies and astrophysical concepts. Particle and high energy physics, radiocarbon dating and magnetic fields and plasmas of astrophysical origin are representative of the many research fields born from cosmic ray research. Examples of technological contributions include radiation instruments and balloon and space flight concepts required to reach the cosmic radiation beyond Earth’s atmosphere.