The beginning of the 16th century was characterized by the transition from mediaeval obscurantism to modern civilization. Medically, this Renaissance period was marked by the fertile age of Italian anatomical studies, to which one connects, especially at Padua, the names of Leonardo da Vinci, Vesalius, Eustachius, Fabricius de Aquapendente and Fallopius, who were all interested in dental morphology. In 60 notebooks containing 700 drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, there are very searching studies of the anatomy of the teeth, with the first illustrations of dental occlusions which a little later became the subject of description by Vesalius, who stated that the teeth were arranged in “articulation” (Huard, We. ). In seven chapters of a work devoted to surgery, Fabricius de Aquapendente described dental problems in a clear and orderly way. One of these chapters is dedicated to dental hygiene (We. ). In 1563, Eustachius published a book in Venice (‘De Dentibus’) describing a strong ligament attaching the teeth to the alveoli. This attachment was to a certain extent comparable to the relationship between the finger nails and the skin (H.-A. ).