Molecular self-assembly has been exploited by nature for developing the higher functional macromolecular structures of both the genome and proteome. Inspired by nature, there has been a surge of research, in the last two decades, for the molecular engineering of peptide-based self-assembling nanostructures, adopting the bottom-up design approach. This book gives the reader an overview on the design rules for de novo self-assembling peptide and reviews the diverse range of bioinspired peptide nanostructures such as β-sheet and β-hairpin, α-helical and coiled coil, self-assembling short peptides and peptidomimetics, collagen-based and elastin-like peptides, silk peptides, peptide amphiphiles, peptides co-polymers, and others. Characterization of peptide-based nanomaterials over the length scale, in silico prediction of assembly into hierarchical nanostructures, and advanced manufacturing of these materials are discussed. The book also covers the wide variety of responsive and functional biomaterials that have been innovated based on those structures for various applications ranging from tissue engineering, therapeutics, and drug delivery to antimicrobial nanomaterials and biointerfaces. Also, the book discusses the peptide bionanomaterials global market and the future of the emerging industry.