This chapter describes the international race to develop anti-crop and anti-livestock biological weapons. Soviet efforts initially focused on the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus and in 1930, the People’s Commissariat of Agriculture created a dedicated FMD institute on remote Gorodomlya Island. Later, the Soviet military evaluated the FMD virus as a potential biological weapon and open-air tests were undertaken at Shikhany and on Vozrozhdenie Island. After the Second World War, both the Western powers and the USSR actively sought to acquire German experts working on the FMD virus. The Soviet Union also began work on anti-crop biological warfare (BW) and chemical warfare (CW) in the post-war period. Meanwhile, the US initiated programmes focused on the rinderpest virus and created stockpiles of anti-crop agents together with sophisticated systems for their delivery.