The essential purpose of biodiversity conservation is to protect individual species and to preserve habitats and ecosystems which have declined in quantity and quality over time as a result of human activities. In some instances, laws have been passed to protect vulnerable resources from overexploitation and to support efforts that address biodiversity conservation. Enforcement of laws intended to protect natural resources can only be accomplished if it can be demonstrated that violations have occurred. With respect to biodiversity conservation, this means being able to protect both the species impacted and their habitat. The protection of individual species requires the ability to characterize species, as well as how those species are structured in animal communities. Forensic science is deeply rooted in international legal systems, dating back to the first use of fingerprints to identify deceased humans in China in the 700s. The field of wildlife forensic genetics is currently used to support wildlife law enforcement investigations. The evolution of wildlife forensic genetics closely follows the use of genetic technologies in the field of human forensic identification, with some significant differences in its application for wildlife law enforcement. In this chapter, we will provide an overview of how wildlife forensic genetics intersects with biodiversity conservation efforts and provide case studies which illustrate the diverse application of forensic genetics to the enforcement of wildlife conservation laws.