An analysis of the results of hydrographic surveys and satellite measurements performed during in roughly the last two decades is presented in order to demonstrate the diversity of manifestations of the mesoscale water dynamics in the coastal zone and in the deep-water part of the Black Sea and the role of mesoscale structures (eddies and jets) in the horizontal (including that between the coastal zone and the open sea) and vertical water exchange. The characteristic routes of movement of coastal and deep-sea anticyclonic eddies are considered, together with the mechanisms of their formation, spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters, the features of manifestation in the surface temperature field, and their influence on the formation of large meanders and branching of the Rim Current. The factors providing the transformation of coastal anticyclonic eddies into deep-sea ones and the long-term (to about eight months) existence of the latter in the eastern deep-water basin are discussed. An asymmetry in the intensity of vortical activity in the eastern and western Black Sea is noted. Based on the results of recent laboratory modeling, the differences in the local values of the continental slope width are regarded as the possible reason for this asymmetry.