Climate conditions affect wood formation during tree growth with consequences for the functioning and survival of trees and forests. Since tree rings are formed at different temporal windows during the growing season, environmental factors will affect the wood structure and function differently. Quantitative wood anatomy (QWA) is a growing field of dendrochronology that allows obtaining a large number of parameters as number, size, and spatial arrangement of xylem cells and structure, highlighting the adjustments of trees to their environment, as well as the relationship between cell structure and function in a spatio-temporal context. This chapter presents an overview of dendrochronological and QWA research in southern Siberia (Russia), a region characterized by a strong water availability effect on tree growth. From this perspective, southern Siberia shares similarities in the climate response of trees growing under Mediterranean climate conditions, an area widely studied by dendrochronologists. Thus, we compiled studies based on different approaches (e.g., tree growth climate response, QWA, modeling) and discussed the potential effects of temperature-induced drought on the dynamics of southern Siberia, in particular, the forest-steppe ecotone, as well as the potential consequences for regional and global water and carbon cycles. Therefore, it is expected that climate change will have an impact on tree growth and forest dynamics in the future, with potential ecological and economic consequences for the region.