This chapter describes the archaeological context and field methods for UMARP’s research into the Xauxa domestic economy. It begins with the site typology used to classify the region’s archaeological remains and the rationale for sampling at the levels of region, site, and residential compound. The following section discusses the surface architecture at Hatunmarca and Tunanmarca to explain the distinction made between elite and commoner residential statuses. Finally, it reflects on the relationship between archaeological units of analysis and historically described social units to provide perspective on the appropriateness of UMARP’s field program.