AbstractThe summits of the table mountains (tepuis) from the Neotropical Guayana region are remote environments suitable for palaeoecological studies with evolutionary, biogeographical and palaeoclimatic implications. Here, using palynological analyses of two radiocarbon‐dated peat bogs from a tepui summit, the Holocene palaeovegetational trends are reconstructed, and related to possible forcing factors. Because of the pristine character of the Guaiquinima summit, the recorded palaeoenvironmental changes are probably due to natural causes, which makes them valuable archives of the natural component of climatic change at a millennial time scale. The sequence begins with pioneer communities or meadows similar to present‐day ones, between about 8.4 and 4.5 ky BP. After this date, and until about 2 kyr BP the expansion of gallery forests suggests an increase in precipitation, documented also at regional (Neotropical) level. Between ca. 2 kyr BP and the last century, gallery forests are replaced by forests characteristic of the upper Guaiquinima altitudes, coinciding with a regional phase of reduced moisture. The present‐day meadows, established relatively quickly during the last century, substituted the former upland forests. In the locality studied, the main controlling factor of the vegetation during the Holocene seems to have been the moisture balance. In contrast to other tepui summits, there is no clear evidence for changes linked to temperature oscillations. This could be due to the elevation of the site, far from any characteristic ecological boundary, that makes it insensitive to this parameter. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.