AbstractThe scenario could not have been more grim. Mrs. Carr had been fitted with a breathing tube for surgery, but the doctors were unable to wean her from the ventilator due to recurrent episodes of life‐threatening infection. She could not eat because of the ventilator, so she received nutrition through a tube in her stomach. At some point, her kidneys shut down and she started dialysis treatments. Between recurrent infection and dialysis, her blood pressure bottomed out, and the medical team frequently jump‐started her heart with intravenous adrenaline‐type medications. Without aggressive support of her lungs, kidneys, nutrition, and cardiovascular system, Mrs. Carr would be dead. “What is going on here?” Anna wondered aloud. “Is this life?”Philosopher and physician Jeffrey Bishop might argue that this is not life. Rather, medicine has created a body in perpetual motion. Contemporary medicine, he contends, has redefined human life as human function; doctors simply replace the broken or dead parts of the human machine with other machines—a ventilator for the lungs, dialysis for the kidneys, and so forth—and the body stays in motion indefinitely. Bishop argues that the discipline of medicine needs to reexamine its metaphysical assumptions—its current approach is detrimental to human flourishing. Should a metaphysics of efficient causation be replaced with a more expansive metaphysics of final causes?