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Engineering Reports
Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
https://doi.org/10.22541/au.16...
Article . 2022 . Peer-reviewed
Data sources: Crossref
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Hardware acceleration of number theoretic transform for zk‐SNARK

Authors: Haixu Zhao; Dong Ding; Feng Wang; Pengcheng Hua; Ning Wang; Qin Wu; Zhilei Chai;

Hardware acceleration of number theoretic transform for zk‐SNARK

Abstract

AbstractZk‐SNARK unleashes the great potential of ZKP (zero‐knowledge proof) in the blockchain, distributed storage, and so forth. However, the proof‐generation of zk‐SNARK is excessively time intensive, making it a challenge to deploy a high‐performance zk‐SNARK in most real applications. As a result, NTT (Number Theoretic Transform), one of the most time‐consuming parts in proof‐generation, needs to be accelerated significantly. To address this issue, we propose a novel and efficient “data reordering" technique to enable a highly pipelined architecture, on which an FPGA‐based hardware accelerator is designed to support the large‐bitwidth and large‐scale NTT tasks in zk‐SNARK. This two‐level pipelined architecture can effectively reduce the data dependency and memory access requirements, meanwhile, can be flexibly scaled to different scales of FPGAs. To balance computing efficiency and flexibility, the OpenCL equipped with HLS is used to implement the heterogeneous acceleration system. We prototype the accelerator on the AMD‐Xilinx Alveo U50 card (UltraScale+ XCU50 FPGA). The evaluation results show that (1) our accelerator shows high scalability for different scales of FPGAs with a stable performance improvement; (2) it performs 1.95 faster than the one in PipeZK; (3) and it achieves 27.98 , 1.74 speedup and 6.9 , 6 energy efficiency improvement than AMD Ryzen 9 5900X single core and 12 cores respectively when integrated into the well‐known ZKP open‐source project, Bellman.

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
3
Top 10%
Average
Average
gold