AbstractOn the heels of exacerbating environmental concerns and ever‐growing global energy demand, development of high‐performance renewable energy‐storage and ‐conversion devices has aroused great interest. The electrode materials, which are the critical components in electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices, largely determine the energy‐storage properties, and the development of suitable active electrode materials is crucial to achieve efficient and environmentally friendly EES technologies albeit the challenges. Two‐dimensional transition‐metal chalcogenides (2D TMDs) are promising electrode materials in alkali metal ion batteries and supercapacitors because of ample interlayer space, large specific surface areas, fast ion‐transfer kinetics, and large theoretical capacities achieved through intercalation and conversion reactions. However, they generally suffer from low electronic conductivities as well as substantial volume change and irreversible side reactions during the charge/discharge process, which result in poor cycling stability, poor rate performance, and low round‐trip efficiency. In this Review, recent advances of 2D TMDs‐based electrode materials for alkali metal‐ion energy‐storage devices with the focus on lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs), high‐energy lithium–sulfur (Li–S), and lithium–air (Li–O2) batteries are described. The challenges and future directions of 2D TMDs‐based electrode materials for high‐performance LIBs, SIBs, PIBs, Li–S, and Li–O2 batteries as well as emerging alkali metal‐ion capacitors are also discussed.