AbstractSolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been considered as one of the most promising technologies for high‐efficiency electrical energy generation using a variety of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, biogas, carbon monoxide, liquid hydrocarbons and solid carbon. Carbon‐fueled SOFCs (CF‐SOFCs) potentially have the highest volume power density because solid carbon has a fuel energy density of 23.95 kWh L−1, which is approximately 10 times higher than that of liquid hydrogen. However, the reactivity and fluid mobility of carbon is significantly lower than those of gaseous fuels; thus, CF‐SOFCs will be kinetically limited at the anode. Herein, we review the development of anodes in CF‐SOFCs from the perspective of material compositions and microstructures. Challenges and research trends based on the fundamental understanding of the materials science and engineering for anode development in CF‐SOFCs are discussed.