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Bioelectromagnetics
Article . 2024 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
Data sources: Crossref
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Estimates and measurements of radiofrequency exposures in smart‐connected homes

Authors: Kenneth Joyner; Michael Milligan; Phillip Knipe;

Estimates and measurements of radiofrequency exposures in smart‐connected homes

Abstract

AbstractThe aim of this research was to quantify the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic energy (RF‐EME) in a residential home/apartment equipped with a range of wireless devices, often referred to as internet of things (IoT) devices or smart devices and subsequently develop a tool that could be useful for estimating the levels of RF‐EME in a domestic environment. Over the course of 3 years measurements were performed in peoples' homes on a total of 43 devices across 16 device categories. Another 12 devices were measured in detail in a laboratory setup. In all a total of 55 individual devices across 23 device categories were measured. Based on this measurement data we developed predictive software that showed that even with a single device in 23 device categories operating near maximum they would, in total, produce exposures at a distance of 1 m of 0.17% of the ICNIRP (2020) public exposure limits. Measurements were also made in two separate smart apartments—one contained over 50 IoT devices and a second with over 100 IoT devices with the devices driven as hard as could reasonably be achieved. The respective 6‐min average exposure level recorded were 0.0077% and 0.44% of the ICNIRP (2020) 30‐min average public exposure limit.

Keywords

Electromagnetic Fields, Radio Waves, Internet of Things, Housing, Humans, Environmental Exposure, Wireless Technology

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Top 10%
Average
Average
hybrid