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Mesojedne spužve (Porifera, Demospongiae; por. Cladorhizidae)

Authors: Vladimir, Klara;

Mesojedne spužve (Porifera, Demospongiae; por. Cladorhizidae)

Abstract

Mesojedne spužve žive u dubokom moru, gdje su se prilagodile na ekološke uvjete, posebno na manjak hrane. Naime, izgubile su akviferni sustav i hoanocite karakteristične za koljeno Porifera. Posljedično tome, njihova se morfologija potpuno promijenila, prešle na karnivorni način prehrane te prilagodile svoje razmnožavanje. Njihovo tijelo sastoji se od stapke i ovalnog apikalnog dijela iz kojeg izlaze dugi, tanki filamenti obloženi anizohelama, kukastim spikulama koje služe za hvatanje malih rakova kojima se hrane. Kada se plijen pasivno uhvati na površinu spužve koja izgleda kao čičak, stanice spužve migriraju, obavijaju ga i probavljaju tijekom 8-10 dana. Arheociti i bakteriociti tipa I fagocitiraju plijen, dok pinakociti izbacuju neprobavljeni egzoskelet. Simbiotski organizmi poput metanotrofnih bakterija i sitnih mnogočetinaša dodatno povećavaju njihovu učinkovitost hranjenja. Neke mesojedne spužve imaju sposobnost bioluminiscencije, što je poznata prilagodba za privlačenje plijena u mračnom dubokomorskom okruženju. Zbog gubitka akvifernog sustava, ličinke oslobađaju kroz tkivo, razarajući ga te ga kasnije ponovno regenerirajući. Osim u dubokom moru, mesojedne spužve nalazimo i u plitkim, litoralnim spiljama u Sredozemnom moru te u sjeveroistočnom Atlantiku, zbog čega su dostupnije za istraživanja. Međutim, zbog globalnog zatopljenja temperatura mora raste što predstavlja prijetnju ovim dubokomorskim sjedilačkim predatorima u plitkom moru.

Carnivorous sponges inhabit the deep-sea, where their adaptation to the nutrient-poor conditions led to the loss of the aquiferous system and choanocytes, characteristic for the phylum Porifera. Consequently, their entire morphology completely changed, they switched to carnivory, and modified their reproduction strategies. Their body plan includes a peduncle and an apical ovoid body, on top of which are long, thin filaments lined with anisochelae, hooked spicules used for catching small crustaceans they feed on. Once the prey is passively captured on the Velcro-like surface of the sponge, sponge cells migrate toward it, engulf and digest it over 8-10 days. Archaeocytes and bacteriocytes I phagocytose the prey, while pinacocytes eject the undigested crustacean outer shell. Symbiotic organisms such as methanotrophic bacteria and scale worms enhance feeding efficiency. Furthermore, some carnivorous sponges have ability to bioluminescent, a strategy commonly associated with prey attraction in the dark deep-sea environment. Due to the absence of an aquiferous system, larval release occurs through tissue destruction and later reaggregation. Beside the deep-sea, carnivorous sponges are also found in shallow littoral Mediterranean caves and the Northeast Atlantic making them more accessible for research. However, global warming causes the rise of sea temperature which represents great threat to these deep-sea sedentary predators in the shallow sea.

Country
Croatia
Related Organizations
Keywords

carnivory, Cladorhizidae, PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Biologija., mesojedstvo, Poecilosclerida, NATURAL SCIENCES. Biology., Porifera

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
Green