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Модели маршрутизации и навигация опрыскивающей техники как фактор коррегирования биологических свойств почвы

Модели маршрутизации и навигация опрыскивающей техники как фактор коррегирования биологических свойств почвы

Abstract

The significance and importance of applying precision farming technologies for environmental protection in the world is revealed. The application of electronic devices on sprayers in Siberia is of great importance. The research goal is to reveal the contribution of computer route modeling and satellite positioning in mechanized crop production technologies to soil biologic properties conservation. The objects under study were the route models of field spraying equipment units for plant protection, leached chernozem and its biological and phytotoxic activity. The route models of sprayers were developed and tested on oat and rape crops in 3 farm scale trials in the forest-steppe of the Priobye (the Ob River area) in 2013. The oat crops were protected against dicotyledonous weeds by means of tank mixture of Grench herbicide (10 g ha) and Basagran herbicide (3 L ha); the rape crops were protected against monocotyledonous weeds by means of Furore Ultra herbicide (0.5 L ha). The soil biological status was evaluated by the indices of urease activity, proteolytic activity and phytotoxicity in the following trial variants: control, no herbicide treatment, recommended herbicide treatment rates, and two-fold excess of the standard rate. The observations were conducted according to the standard methodology. It has been proved that the improvement of the sprayer routes taking into account its operating width, possible turning radius and field and relief shapes reduces environmental risks for soil microflora of nitrogen turnover under oats and rape. In the areas of repeated herbicide treatment the proteolytic activity of leached chernozem is reduced by 28.5-60.3% and the activity of microbiological ammonia release is reduced; that results in 15-17% phytotoxic effect that disappears in a month after chemical weeding. The authors propose the procedure of sprayer route optimization in order to reduce the anthropogenic impact, maintain soil biological activity and reduce its phytotoxicity.

Актуальное значение для сохранения окружающей среды в мире приобретают приемы точного земледелия. В Сибири это связано, прежде всего, с использованием электронных устройств на опрыскивающей технике. Цель работы показать, насколько применение компьютерного моделирования маршрутизации и спутниковой навигации в механизированных технологиях растениеводства способствует сохранению биологических свойств почвы. Объектами исследования являлись модели маршрутов полевых агрегатов для внесения средств защиты растений, выщелоченный чернозем и его биологическая и фитотоксическая активность. Модели маршрутов опрыскивателей разработаны и апробированы на овсе и рапсе в 3 производственных опытах в лесостепи Приобья в 2013 г. Овес защищали от двудольных сорняков баковой смесью гербицидов гренча (10 г/га) и базаграна (3 л/га), рапс от однодольных сорняков фуроре ультра (0,5 л/га). Биологическое состояние почвы оценивали по показателям уреазной и протеолитической активности и фитотоксичности в следующих вариантах: контроль, без гербицидной обработки; рекомендуемая норма препаратов; превышение нормы в 2 раза. Все наблюдения проведены согласно общепринятым методикам. Доказано, что рационализация маршрутов опрыскивающего агрегата с учетом ширины его захвата, возможных радиусов поворотов, конфигурации поля и рельефа уменьшает экологический риск для почвенной микрофлоры круговорота азота под такими культурами, как овес и рапс. В зонах повторной обработки посевов гербицидами на 28,5-60,3% снижается протеолитическая активность выщелоченного чернозема, замедляется активность микробиологического высвобождения аммиака и возникает фитотоксический эффект на уровне 15-17%, который исчезает по истечении месяца со дня химической прополки. Предложен алгоритм оптимизации маршрутов опрыскивателей для снижения техногенной нагрузки, сохранения биологической активности почвы и ослабления ее фитотоксичности.

Keywords

МАРШРУТЫ ДВИЖЕНИЯ, ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫЕ ПРЕПЯТСТВИЯ, ПОЛЕВЫЕ ОПРЫСКИВАТЕЛИ, ГЕРБИЦИДЫ, ОВЕС, РАПС, ВЫЩЕЛОЧЕННЫЙ ЧЕРНОЗЕМ, БИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ ПОЧВЫ, ФИТОТОКСИЧНОСТЬ ПОЧВЫ

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
gold