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Посевные свойства зерна озимой пшеницы при адаптации приёмов её возделывания к условиям степной зоны оренбургского Предуралья

Посевные свойства зерна озимой пшеницы при адаптации приёмов её возделывания к условиям степной зоны оренбургского Предуралья

Abstract

The article is devoted to the studies on adaptive systems of winter wheat fertilization purposed to significant increase of the vigor and laboratory germination capacity of field-fresh seeds to be used for sowing in the same year. The studies were conducted in the course of developing the methods of winter wheat cultivation aimed at a more complete realization of productivity potentials of local winter wheat varieties on the southern chernozems of Orenburg Preduralye. The review of research materials pointing to the modification variability of grain crop seeds quality, being the result of mineral nutrition impact and determining their sowing and, to a certain extent, yield qualities, is suggested. The Orenburgskaya-105 winter wheat variety, recommended for cultivation in the Orenburg region, was used as the object of studies. The seeds pre-treated with the Maksim preparation (2.5 kg/t of seed) were sown at the period from August 23 to September 5. The NPK top-dressing at sowing was applied by the APM-18.05 seed drill and the early-spring application of ammonium nitrate was done by the SZ-3.6A at the period of soil mellowness, the outside – root application of urea was performed at the period of earing – grain formation by knap-sack sprayers. In autumn the crops were treated with Fundazol (0.5 kg/ha) against snow mould and with Karate (0.2 l/ha) against cereal aphids and cicads. As result of experiments conducted it is found that using separate application of mineral fertilizers according to the scheme described, on the southern chernozems of Orenburg region, makes it quite possible to obtain seeds of adaptive wheat varieties corresponding to GOST by their sowing qualities, i.e. with germination energy of 84.4–84.9%, laboratory germination – 92.7–93.0% and 1000 grain weight of 36–40 g.

При разработке приёмов возделывания, направленных на более полную реализацию потенциала продуктивности местных сортов озимой пшеницы на чернозёмах южных оренбургского Предуралья изучались адаптивные системы удобрения, позволяющие значительно повысить энергию прорастания и лабораторную всхожесть свежеубранных семян с целью их использования для посева в этом же году. Представлен обзор научных статей, материалы которых указывают на модификационную изменчивость качества семян зерновых культур, возникающую под воздействием минерального питания и определяющую их посевные качества и частично урожайные свойства. В качестве объекта исследований использовалась рекомендованная для возделывания в Оренбургской области озимая пшеница сорта Оренбургская 105, которая высевалась в период с 23 августа по 5 сентября. Семена предварительно протравливались препаратом Максим (2,5 кг/т семян). Припосевное удобрение (NPK) вносили сеялкой АУП-18.05, ранневесеннюю подкормку аммиачной селитрой проводили дисковой сеялкой СЗ-3,6А при физической спелости почвы, некорневую подкормку – карбомидом в период колошения – налива зерна ранцевыми опрыскивателями. Против снежной плесени с осени посевы обрабатывали Фундазолом (0,5 кг/га), против тлей и цикад – Каратэ (0,2 л/га). В результате проведённого эксперимента установлено, что при дробном внесении минеральных удобрений по представленной в статье схеме на чернозёмах южных оренбургского Предуралья вполне возможно получение семян адаптивных сортов, соответствующих ГОСТу по посевным свойствам, с энергией прорастания 84,1–84,9%, лабораторной всхожестью – 92,7–93,0% и массой 1000 семян – 36–40 г.

Keywords

ПОСЕВНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА СЕМЯН, ЭНЕРГИЯ ПРОРАСТАНИЯ, ЛАБОРАТОРНАЯ ВСХОЖЕСТЬ, ПРИПОСЕВНОЕ УДОБРЕНИЕ, ПРИКОРНЕВАЯ ПОДКОРМКА, ПОСЛЕУБОРОЧНОЕ ДОЗРЕВАНИЕ

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
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