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Критическое мышление или логика?

Критическое мышление или логика?

Abstract

В работе обсуждается вопрос о статусе критического мышления в российской системе образования. Отстаивается позиция, что курсы критического мышления вряд ли смогут по существу заменить общие курсы логики. Термин «критическое мышление» до-вольно смутный, но в то же время понятна его тесная связь с уровнем логической культуры. Эта связь оказывается очевидной, если посмотреть на критическое мышление в историче-ской перспективе. Ядро критического мышления может быть найдено в философии Просве-щения, которая изменила ход истории, заставив, по утверждению М. Баттерсби, апеллиро-вать к научному мышлению и рациональности вместо старой опоры на церковь и короля. В связи с этим, критическое мышление может рассматриваться как наследник эпохи Просве-щения, а это положение служит аргументом в пользу значимости логики. Не противоречат этой связи и результаты современных психолого-когнитивных исследований, указывающих якобы на границы логического. Вместе с тем критическое мышление не стоит отожествлять исключительно с логикой в ее привычном понимании. Кроме формальных логических зна-ний и определенного уровня общей образованности оно предполагает умение автора оста-ваться непредвзятым и оценивать аргументы противников, как свои собственные, — эти принципы могут быть почерпнуты в критических сочинениях И. Канта.

The paper deals with the status of critical thinking in Russian educational system. I argue that we can hardly meaningfully substitute regular courses of logic with critical thinking courses. The term “critical thinking” is rather vague, but it can be clarified with appeal to logic. The tight connection of critical thinking with general level of logical culture is obvious. On con-sidering this matter from a historical perspective the linkage becomes clear. The critical thinking core can be found in the Enlightenment philosophy that changed, as Battersby mentions, the course of history by advocating for scientific reasoning and rationality to replace the old defense to church and king. Thus, it can be appraised as the inheritor of Enlightenment Project, and this role emphasizes the importance of logic. The results of contemporary psychological and cognitive investigations, which point to the so-called limits of logic, are also consistent with this correlation. However, critical thinking should not be identified with logic in its customary sense. Besides the formal logical knowledge and adequate education, it presumes a speaker’s ability to be open-minded and to evaluate opponents’ arguments as if they were her own. These principles can be found in Immanuel Kant’s critical treatises.

Keywords

критическое мышление; неформальная логика; когнитивные теории; рациональность; критический метод; преподавание логики, critical thinking; informal logic; cognitive theories; rationality; critical method; logic teaching

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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