Gender empowerment as an enforcer of individuals’ choice between education and fertility: Evidence from 19th century France
Copyright policy )Gender empowerment as an enforcer of individuals’ choice between education and fertility: Evidence from 19th century France
Recent theoretical developments in growth models, triggered particularly by unified theories of growth, suggest that the child quantity-quality trade-off is a defining element in our explanation of a transition from Malthusian stagnation to a sustained growth path. This paper presents a model and derives a testable empirical framework to investigate the role of gender in the trade-off between education and fertility for 86 French counties during the 19th century. Endogeneity-mitigated mean-and median-based regressions offer robust empirical predictions for gender-empowered quantity-quality trade-off. In particular, we find the existence of a significant and negative association between education and fertility. Further, while gauging the differential effects of schooling on fertility, we find that the short-run differences between male and female are small whilst the long-run effects are large. From policy perspective, our results imply that for stable long-run growth it matters not just that parents educate their children, but specifically that they choose to educate girls.
and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access, 330, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs/C.C8.C81 - Methodology for Collecting, and Philanthropy/N.N3.N33 - Europe: Pre-1913, Estimating, and Welfare/I.I2 - Education and Research Institutions/I.I2.I20 - General, Welfare, 310, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Education, Quantity-quality trade-off, Model of individuals' choice, JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics/J.J1 - Demographic Economics/J.J1.J13 - Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth, Gender difference, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables/C.C3.C32 - Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models, Demography, Wealth, JEL: I - Health, Nineteenth century France, [QFIN]Quantitative Finance [q-fin], Unified growth theory, JEL: N - Economic History/N.N3 - Labor and Consumers, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C2 - Single Equation Models • Single Variables/C.C2.C22 - Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes, [QFIN] Quantitative Finance [q-fin], JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables/C.C3.C36 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation, Religion, Fertility, Cliometrics, Health, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs/C.C8.C82 - Methodology for Collecting, JEL: N - Economic History/N.N0 - General/N.N0.N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical, Income, [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, Sources and Methods, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C2 - Single Equation Models • Single Variables/C.C2.C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access, 330, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs/C.C8.C81 - Methodology for Collecting, and Philanthropy/N.N3.N33 - Europe: Pre-1913, Estimating, and Welfare/I.I2 - Education and Research Institutions/I.I2.I20 - General, Welfare, 310, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Education, Quantity-quality trade-off, Model of individuals' choice, JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics/J.J1 - Demographic Economics/J.J1.J13 - Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth, Gender difference, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables/C.C3.C32 - Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models, Demography, Wealth, JEL: I - Health, Nineteenth century France, [QFIN]Quantitative Finance [q-fin], Unified growth theory, JEL: N - Economic History/N.N3 - Labor and Consumers, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C2 - Single Equation Models • Single Variables/C.C2.C22 - Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes, [QFIN] Quantitative Finance [q-fin], JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables/C.C3.C36 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation, Religion, Fertility, Cliometrics, Health, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs/C.C8.C82 - Methodology for Collecting, JEL: N - Economic History/N.N0 - General/N.N0.N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical, Income, [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, Sources and Methods, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C2 - Single Equation Models • Single Variables/C.C2.C26 - Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
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