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Entrepreneurship and Regional Development
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
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Female but not too feminine. Perceptions of female entrepreneurs and their ventures: the role of gender and feminine adornments

Authors: Pleyers, Gordy; Janssen, Frank; Shinnar, Rachel S.;

Female but not too feminine. Perceptions of female entrepreneurs and their ventures: the role of gender and feminine adornments

Abstract

Using an experimental approach, we examine how gender and feminine adornments impact stakeholders’ spontaneous perceptions of entrepreneurs. Although previous research shows that female entrepreneurs face negative stereotypes and prejudice, we find that compared to their male counterparts, female entrepreneurs and their ventures are no longer viewed less favourably and are even generating more positive perceptions and funding decisions. Yet when their feminine appearance is accentuated by feminine adornments (i.e. makeup, jewellery, nail polish), perceptions are less favourable. The negative effect of feminine adornments is less pronounced among professionals with investment experience. Our findings contribute to research on occupational gender roles and on the impact of appearance by highlighting the importance of going beyond a dichotomous gender perspective. Gender in and of itself does not necessarily convey lower evaluations, and in addition to gender, the degree of femininity should also be considered.

Keywords

stereotypes, bias, Female entrepreneurship, feminine adornments, gender equality [SDG5], appearance

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Top 10%
Average
Average
Green