AbstractSimulating complex biological and physiological systems and predicting their behaviours under different conditions remains challenging. Breaking systems into smaller and more manageable modules can address this challenge, assisting both model development and simulation. Nevertheless, existing computational models in biology and physiology are often not modular and therefore difficult to assemble into larger models. Even when this is possible, the resulting model may not be useful due to inconsistencies either with the laws of physics or the physiological behaviour of the system. Here, we propose a general methodology for composing models, combining the energy-based bond graph approach with semantics-based annotations. This approach improves model composition and ensures that a composite model is physically plausible. As an example, we demonstrate this approach to automated model composition using a model of human arterial circulation. The major benefit is that modellers can spend more time on understanding the behaviour of complex biological and physiological systems and less time wrangling with model composition.Author summaryBiological and physiological systems usually involve multiple underlying processes, mechanisms, structures, and phenomena, referred to here as sub-systems. Modelling the whole system every time from scratch requires a huge amount of effort. An alternative is to model each sub-system in a modular fashion,i.e., containing meaningful interfaces for connecting to other modules. Such modules are readily combined to produce a whole-system model. For the combined model to be consistent, modules must be described using the same modelling scheme. One way to achieve this is to use energy-based models that are consistent with the conservation laws of physics. Here, we present an approach that achieves this using bond graphs, which allows modules to be combined faster and more efficiently. First, physically plausible modules are generated using a small number of template modules. Then a meaningful interface is added to each module to automate connection. This approach is illustrated by applying this method to an existing model of the circulatory system and verifying the results against the reference model.