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Evaluation of World Health Organization–Recommended Hand Hygiene Formulations

Authors: Suchomel, Miranda; Eggers, Maren; Maier, Steffen; Kramer, Axel; Dancer, Stephanie J; Pittet, Didier;

Evaluation of World Health Organization–Recommended Hand Hygiene Formulations

Abstract

As a result of the coronavirus disease pandemic, commercial hand hygiene products have become scarce and World Health Organization (WHO) alcohol-based hand rub formulations containing ethanol or isopropanol are being produced for hospitals worldwide. Neither WHO formulation meets European Norm 12791, the basis for approval as a surgical hand preparation, nor satisfies European Norm 1500, the basis for approval as a hygienic hand rub. We evaluated the efficacy of modified formulations with alcohol concentrations in mass instead of volume percentage and glycerol concentrations of 0.5% instead of 1.45%. Both modified formulations met standard requirements for a 3-minute surgical hand preparation, the usual duration of surgical hand treatment in most hospitals in Europe. Contrary to the originally proposed WHO hand rub formulations, both modified formulations are appropriate for surgical hand preparation after 3 minutes when alcohol concentrations of 80% wt/wt ethanol or 75% wt/wt isopropanol along with reduced glycerol concentration (0.5%) are used.

Country
Switzerland
Keywords

Microbiology (medical), Epidemiology, Hand Sanitizers, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, World Health Organization, 2019 novel coronavirus disease, 2-Propanol, Betacoronavirus, Hand/microbiology, 616, Hand Hygiene/methods/standards, Humans, viruses, Hand Hygiene, Pandemics/prevention & control, Pandemics, Hand Sanitizers/analysis/standards, Ethanol, SARS-CoV-2, Research, R, Viral/prevention & control, COVID-19, Pneumonia, Hand, Europe, Infectious Diseases, coronavirus disease, Medicine, 2-Propanol/analysis, Ethanol/analysis, Coronavirus Infections, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, ddc: ddc:616

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    popularity
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    Top 10%
    influence
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    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
12
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
gold